Systematic Political Science

Ethics Codes and Datasets for Artificial Intelligence (AI) Protocols in Game Characters to Demonstrate Systematic Political Science

by
Dallas F. Bell, Jr.

(Portions of this paper accepted for presentation 13-17 September, 2010, at the ECCS'10, European Conference on Complex Systems at the Lisbon University Institute, ISCTE, Portugal.)

Aurelius Prudentius Clemens (born c. 348 A.D.) wrote the poem Psychomachia (Battle for Mansoul) which described the conflict of vices (bad core behavior) and virtues (good core behavior). Verdi's opera La Traviata (The Woman Gone Astray) chronicles a "fallen woman" with brindisi. In decision theory, decisions are made where an option is chosen over another option. This process is modeled much like a light switch which allows electrical current to flow when the light is switched on or does not allow the current to flow when the light is switched off.

The same switching process for lights electrophysiologically occurs neurologically in the human brain. Those logic gates are also used in computers. Only one option can be chosen at a time. To deny that binary reality would be in itself a choice that in fact disproves its argument. The fact that something cannot be both true and not true (false) at the same time has allowed science of the material realm to be studied and conclusions made. Ethics, too, has the same foundation for study and conclusions made from its non-material or transcendent realm.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that addresses a system of choosing the behavioral standards of good or not good (bad) conduct. There are a number of branches of ethical study, such as meta-ethics and normative ethics, etc. Normative ethics has virtue ethics as one of its three approaches. Virtue ethics emphasizes virtues whereas deontology emphasizes rules and consequentialism emphasizes the consequences of actions. Virtue, practical wisdom, and eudaimonia (e.g. Plato's virtue-based happiness ethics) are three general concepts of virtue ethics.

In no real sense could material, human hydrocarbons, freely choose between options of good and bad without the transcendent intellect of being. Wisdom would have had to have been with the Creator since before time (Prov. 8:12-36) and is therefore transcendent of time and space. Einstein, in a letter to Michele Besso, wrote that the distinction between the past, the present, and the future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion. Then, there is existence outside of time and space where the Causer of all effects abides in the now of eternity. This trans-temporal omniscient God has given perfect prophesy in the Bible (e.g. the nation-state of Israel, etc.), perfect justice (e.g. Pharaoh charged all innocent Hebrew male babies be drowned, Ex. 1:22, but he and all his guilty men would be drowned, Ex. 14:25-31), and perfect intellectual communication (e.g. the Hebrew letters of Genesis 1:1 equal pi and the Greek letters of John 1:1 equal e; See Attachment A).

To teach the conceptions of past, present and future in schools is to teach an ethic's model from that point of view. Dan Ariely, behavioral economics professor at both Harvard University and Duke University, considers the IQ and religious texts of adherents as important to their chosen ethics. (Ariely's input was derived from an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.) John Kiriakou, a former U.S. intelligence officer and U.S. senate foreign relations advisor, recommends that the U.S. develop a more effective strategy for understanding core comparative religious beliefs as is found in British and especially Israeli intelligence operations. (Kiriakou's comments were made in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. during May, 2010.)

Since religions have opposing views they can't all be correct and produce First World governments. John Wyatt, a professor of ethics and perinatology at University College of London, finds that there are important differences between orthodox Jewish bioethics and Christians due to the distinctive Christian perspective of the incarnation, redemptive suffering, and resurrection of Christ.

The Golden Rule is stated by Jesus that all things that we want others to do to us, we should first do them to others and this is the law of the prophets (Matt. 7:12; Luke 6:31). George Bush, a U.S. president, issued Executive Order 12674 in 1989-90 that set forth the ethical principles for his government officers and employees. The document was used for many government entities, such as the Naval Code of Ethics, to establish standards of ethical conduct which included such transcendent concepts as honesty.

Unlike the U.S. founding document known as the Declaration of Independence, Bush's document had no link to the transcendent Creator as the authority for his ethical standards. Reasonably, there would be no compelling need for anyone to always adhere to his desires for conduct. If the U.S. government is the sole authority for conduct of its citizens then the citizens too can steal private property as the government does in eminent domain actions, citizens can also lie as government investigators routinely do to win criminal court cases.

Elizabeth Thomson, Director of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Research Program at the National Human Genome Research Institute, uses the 1979 Belmont Report to set core parameters for ethics. The Belmont Report uses principles, such as "respect of persons" and "justice" etc. (Thomson's remarks were taken from an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. from May to June, 2010. This exchange was facilitated by U.S. Congressman David "Phil" Roe, M.D.) Julian Savulescu, chair in practical ethics at the University of Oxford, recommended an independent, competent strategic body to co-ordinate and oversee the development of ethical protocols regarding such work as with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN: Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) and synthetic biology as at the Venter Institute. (Savulescu's brief commentary to a complex issue was made in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.) It is unclear whether committees and their reports would be given the authority to determine transcendent ethics for all mankind or whether it is believed that the ethics of the reports would gain authority due to their consistency with innate recognition of ethical parameters.

Ironically, a LHC physicist at CERN, Alvaro De Rüjula indicates that he does not see a need to create ethical protocols for his research. (De Rüjula's view was expressed in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in May, 2010.) The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) thinks that even the topic of pondering their core ethics is unusual. (The SPLC view by its founder, Morris Dees, was expressed by his staff in an email exchange in June, 2010.) Whereas PETA's (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) founder, Ingrid Newkirk, uses Peter Singer's book Animal Liberation for the ethical foundation for animal rights in general. (Newkirk's view was expressed by her staff in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. from May to June, 2010.) Peter Singer proposes raising children so they can be killed to harvest their body parts.

Self-described atheist and member of the Democratic Socialists of America, Barbara Ehrenreich has stated publically that she does not believe in the transcendent concept of hope. (Ehrenreich and Dallas F. Bell Jr. had an email exchange in June, 2010.) Richard Weikart, professor of history at California State University, explains some nuances of ethical beliefs. For example, to describe Hitler's Darwinian ethics, one must consider his biological determinism, his racial determinism, and his anti-Semitism. Hitler believed, as many modernists and postmodernists believe, that morality evolved and was a tool for the struggle for existence. However, Hitler's ethics of biological determinism is not seen as compatible with postmodernism. (Weikart's comments were made in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.)

Postmodern philosophy is skeptical about binary opposition in structuralism. Meaning, postmodernists believe, as believers of the Taoist yin and yang principle believe, that there is no right or wrong, good or bad, truth or untruth which is self-defeating logic in that it is a truth to say that there is no knowable truth. This relativism is as old as Satan saying that God did not mean what He said to Adam and Eve in Eden (Gen. 3).

The binary human brain can no more operate without truth than a light can work when switched off. Postmodernists may not or may accept the material euthanasia or eugenics logic from their anti-capitalist Darwinian beliefs in which people are hydrocarbon products and products are property that can be bought and sold in slavery. They may also accept the transcendent of hope or love when it is convenient for them. It is observed that God destroys the wisdom of the wise and frustrates the intellect of the intelligent (I Cor. 1:19).

Postmodernists do seem to agree that they are post-Christian and post-Zionist as modeled by Voltaire (Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations of 1753). Harvey Chisick, history professor at the University of Haifa, describes two types of post-Zionism. The first type emanates from a belief that the State of Israel was made by illegitimate means at the unjust expense of other people. The second belief is only incidentally political in that it believes that economic systems etc. should be able to subordinate the values of the Jewish people. (Chisick had an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.)

Zygmunt Bauman, a philosopher-sociologist, linked the Holocaust to the core postmodern belief that morality can exist without an ethical code beyond one's self. John Donne (Sermon XXII, Folio 0/1640) said the difference between the reason of man and the instinct of the beast is that the beast does but know, but the man knows that he knows. The bestial atheist will pretend that he knows there is no God; but he cannot say that he knows it; for his knowledge will not stand the battery of an argument from another nor a ratiocination from himself. He dares not ask himself, who is it that I pray to in a sudden danger if there is no God? Who do I swear by? Whom do I tremble and sweat under at midnight and whom do I curse in the morning?

Voltaire said in Questions sur les miracles (1765) that those who can make you believe absurdities, can make you commit atrocities. The auto-da-fé of William Tyndale is but one example made by likeminded socialists such as Sir Thomas More. John Napier of Merchiston, discoverer of logarithms, helped develop reformation Christian ethics.

John Carson Lennox, author and mathematics' professor at the University of Oxford, often uses John Gray's material to illustrate the inconsistency of thinking humankind is special. Gray, an atheist who believes that volition and morality is an illusion, says that humanism borrows from Christianity the idea of sanctity of humankind which evolution does not support. Juergen Habermas, a sociologist and philosopher, explained that the transcendent notions of justice, human rights etc. of our western society are founded in a Judea-Christian worldview. New atheists seem to show strong moral outrage which cannot be grounded since as Hume said you can't get "ought" from an "is". The idealism of youth seems to always show a hardwired ethical standard that judges hypocritical adults harshly. Even the famed atheist Dawkins, who says that there is no morality, does believe in true and false realities which are necessary for science which is not a postmodernist belief. (Lennox's views were expressed by his staff in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.)

Situational ethics was coined by Joseph Fletcher, an Episcopal priest that served as president of the Euthanasia Society of America, and was a member of the American Eugenics Society and the Association for Voluntary Sterilization. He attempted to find a middle ground between the binary options of compliance with God's laws (NLF) and not complying with God's NLF. A child knows that a simple ballgame cannot be played if every player plays by their own rules. Love, called the highest ethic, for God is shown by obedience to His NLF (Rom. 12:9-21). Ethics are not situational as seen by Daniel's (Hebrew Daniye'l means judge of God or God is my judge) praying contrary to societal law (Dan. 6:7-28) or the three Hebrew's that refused to bow to the idol (Dan. 3:10-30). Nor was Jesus unloving or legalistic when He turned over the tables in the temple (Matt. 21:12-13). Moses said that God is a rock and all His ways are judgment. He is a God of truth (Deut. 32:4).

Michael C. Kearl, a sociology and anthropology professor at Trinity University, has noted John Leo's "No-Fault Holocaust" argument that multiculturalism, the concept that all ethics should be given equal consideration, has led to nonjudgmentalism and thus instability in American schools. Fuzzy mindedness is preferred for group membership over rigid adherence to historically proven ethics.

The crime writer, Dorothy Leigh Sayers, believed in Christian humanism in which human freedom and individualism are compatible with Christian doctrine. Humanism focuses on human values and ethics while rejecting Divine authority. Secular humanism posits that humans are capable of being moral without God and the government should also reject the ethical authority of God. Secularism is the concept that the government can and should exist separate from Divine ethics.

Though the U.S. Supreme Court has not defined religion or pornography, it rules on those matters. In May 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court decided in Graham v. Florida to use a U.N. law that was not passed by the U.S. congress. In doing this, U.S. case law is now separated from U.S. constitutional law passed by its elected representatives in congress. The Supreme Court can now make any law they choose based solely on their whims. When every man does what is right in their own eyes (Deut. 12:8; Judg. 17:6; 21:25) they are soon turned over to their own destructive lusts (Ps. 81:11-12). We know that the legs of the lame are not equal and so is a parable in the mouth of fools (Prov. 26:7) who say that there is no God (Ps. 10:4; 14:1; 53:1). Wisdom is too high for a fool (Prov. 24:7) and as a dog returns to his vomit and so a fool returns to his folly (Prov. 26:11), echoed by Rudyard Kipling in The Gods of the Copybook Headings.

Phenomenology is related to ethics but is concerned with the structures of experience, or consciousness. In that light, ethics is implied as a voluntary choice to discern among the evidence of what is good and what is bad. Recently at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's brain and cognitive sciences laboratory, it was found that the brain region of the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) is critical for moral judgments. The TPJ is behind the right ear and when a magnetic field is noninvasive applied, known as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), its brain activity is affected. The electrical current temporarily impedes the nearby brain cells' ability to fire normally. Testing did not seem to reverse a person's moral judgments, it just biased them. Moral judgment is not a single process. It is the result of evaluating a lot of competing and conflicting data.

Eleonore Stump, philosophy professor at Saint Louis University, thinks that ethics in the twentieth century was often characterized by an inattention to issues involving personal relationships and a particular kind she calls 'Franciscan knowledge', or second person experiential knowledge. New scientific information from research of autism and related disorders has begun to shift focus. (Stump's comments were excerpted from an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.) There still is little research linking ethics to health. (The above opinion was made by Gabor Maté, a medical doctor, in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.)

Bio-journalist Robert Whitaker reasons that people diagnosed with schizophrenia are likely to be at odds with society in terms of behavior and thoughts, which is why their behavior is seen as much more "negative" than "positive". (Whitaker's above comment was made in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.) His recent work has shown the problematic nature of pharmacological over prescribing of anti-psychotic drugs in the U.S. The results are longer and more debilitating states from episodes than are found in countries that properly balance prescribe drugs and counseling.

Duke University's department of psychiatry and behavioral science has noted that particular clusters of symptoms may increase or decrease violence risk in schizophrenia patients. Violence risk assessment and management in community-based treatment should concentrate efforts on combining clinical and nonclinical risk factors.

Cultural theory maintains that controversies over risk are really over social organization. Risks cannot be objectively evaluated. Anthony Cox, a mathematics' professor and holder of many patents in the field of computer science, recommends the cultural theory model for predictive cases and not just for prescriptive cases for making rational decision. (Cox's recommendations were made in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in July, 2010.)

There are states that are initially voluntary and then become involuntary, such as drug addiction and demon possession. Demon possession is not insanity (Matt. 4:24), or disease (Mark 1:32), and is harmful (Mark 5:1-5). Demons are evil (Luke 10:17-18), numerous (Mark 5:8-9; Luke 8:30), and are under the authority of Satan (Matt. 12:24-30). Demons can recognize Jesus the Christ as the Son of God (Mark 1:23-24; 3:11-12; 5:7; Luke 4:33-34, 41; 8:28), know their destiny (Matt. 8:29-33), and are deceitful (I Tim. 4:1).

If we see, with granularity, the macro systems of the primary societal institutions (family, church, business, and government) and their subsets as composed of many micro cogs (people) we can establish a model much like CAD as used by the engineer Georgeta Haraga for virtual modeling a spur gear (See Attachment B). Ethics are represented by the teeth in each cog according to compliance with NLF and are removed when there is no compliance with NLF (demon possession references for teeth removal in cogs are Matt. 8:28-34; 9:32-33; 12:22-23; 15:22-28; 17:14-21; Mark 1:23-26; 16:9). The cogs are placed in relation to other cogs in normal relationships within a macro system or societal institution.

Christopher Ellison, sociology professor at the University of Texas at Austin, studied the incidence of domestic violence among Christians. He found that Evangelical Christians were no more likely to commit acts of domestic violence than other groups in the general population and regular church goers were much less likely to commit domestic violence, unless married to non-Evangelical women. It is not clear that the ethics of Evangelical Christians, who attend church sporadically or not at all, enjoy any particular decrease in domestic violence than Catholics or mainline and liberal Protestants. (Ellison's above findings were discussed in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in June, 2010.)

Tu quoque (Latin for "You, too") describes a type of fallacy in logic. The argument is that if A makes a critical statement P and A violates P then P is dismissed as untrue. In other words, someone cannot accuse someone else of lying if that person has ever lied and even casts doubt that lying is a violation of NLF. This would, of course, exclude all people from being able to make critical judgments toward other people and accept the existence of NLF, since no one has kept all NLF all the time except Jesus the Christ. Finite and fallible mankind will violate NLF but with redemption can have authority to make critical statements that are true, such as the example of Paul the Apostle.

Datasets are collections of data in tabular form in which each column is a variable (choice) and each row is a value (NLF). The ethics dataset can be collected from an NLF by acceptance or rejection of that NLF. Those completed datasets of real persons combine ethics with functionality which can be used for behavioral analysis and predictions for simulations.

General datasets representing specific religious texts and beliefs can be used for artificial intelligence (AI) protocols for game characters. Video games or red teaming operations require the implementation of morality in game characters. That character dataset forms the backbone of the game's entities and is the basis from which behavioral engines operate. Then the physiology, psychology, and sociology dimensions, including the innate IQ parameters relating to tool inventiveness and usage by their categories (lower, l; average, a; and gifted, g) can lead to character creation and interaction.

In conclusion, ethics codes (NLF) can be narrowed by specific datasets which can be modeled or used for AI behavioral protocols in real and virtual game characters while serving as a demonstration of the correct methodology of systematic political science (See Attachment C).

...............................

ATTACHMENT A

In math and the sciences, two widely used dimensionless constants are pi (π ) and e (Euler's number). Both are transcendental numbers (i.e. meaning neither can be defined exactly by the ratio of two integers, nor by any algebraic process). The Bible's first verse (Genesis 1:1, "In the beginning...") comprises 7 Hebrew words formed from a total of 28 letters. The number of Greek words in the verse of John 1:1 ("In the beginning...") is 17, comprising a total of 52 letters.

--The basic calculation of pi or π for Genesis 1:1 is as follows:

Product of Letters x Number of Letters / Number of Words x Number of Words

= 2.3887872 x 10 to the 34th x 28 / 3.0415352... x 10 to the 17th x 7

= 3.141554509... x 10 to the 17th

And π = 3.141592654... which is within 0.0012%

--The basic calculation for 'Euler's number' or e in John 1:1 is as follows:

Product of Letters x Number of Letters / Product of Words x Number of Words

= 8.436251456... x 10 to the 75th x 52 / 9.493022414... x 10 to the 35th x 17

= 4.386850757... x 10 to the 77th / 1.61381381... x 10 to the 37th

= 2.718312812... x 10 to the 40th

And e = 2.718281828... which is within 0.0011%

(The above calculations were affirmed by Vernon Jenkins, retired math and computer science lecturer at the now University of Glamorgan, in an email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in July, 2010.)

ATTACHMENT B

Proposal for Modeling the Operator of Schizophrenic Behavior Within the Mechanism of Societal Operators

Dallas F. Bell Jr.

(This proposal accepted for presentation 13-17 September, 2010, at the ECCS'10, European Conference on Complex Systems at the Lisbon University Institute, ISCTE, Portugal.)

Abstract: Schizophrenic behavior is usually seen as negative, such as committing murder, and not positive, such as saving a life. That disparity of evidence is often used in judicial cases to present proof that criminal acts were committed with the neurologically rational choice of the perpetrator to not have behaved in a positive manner (See pages 1191-1208 of the 2000 book titled "Principles of Neural Science" by E. Kandel et al, pages 679-684 of the 2007 book titled "Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3d ed." by Bear et al, and pages 148, 341, and 433 of the 2004 book titled "Neuroscience" by D. Purves et al). This proposal models a schizophrenic (operator) as a gear or cog whose teeth are general rules of societal relationships, e.g. to not murder, to not steal, to not lie, etc. Non-schizophrenic people (operators) within the sphere of the modeled schizophrenic (the institutions of family, church, business, and government) are modeled as gears with all their teeth frequently present in relation to other people. Even though non-schizophrenic people may voluntarily remove their teeth in relation to other people they do not want to be murdered, stolen from or lied to. Analysis of the schizophrenic's rationality against specific rules of relationships can be modeled by removing teeth from their respective gear. Then, a simulation of that dysfunctional gear can be shown in operation with an analysis of surrounding non-schizophrenic functional gears with all their teeth using CAD or a similar systems simulating software (See the 2009 paper titled "Mathematical and Virtual Modeling of a Spur Gear" by G. Haraga). That data can then be a source of both specific past interpolated behavior and future extrapolated behavioral parameters for predictive and preventive purposes (See the recent research by Saxelab Social Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology).


ATTACHMENT C

Synopsis of Systematic Political Science Theory

Dallas F. Bell, Jr.

The field of political science has begun to acknowledge the importance of incorporating many other relevant disciplines into its domain of academic studies. Primarily, those anthropocentric areas are theology, epistemology, psychology, sociology, and eschatology. Their synthesis provides a new mathematical model for political scientists called systematic political science. This systematic approach uses the game theory logic of defining human behavioral options, derived from natural laws and abilities, to analyze and predict decision-making outcomes. (For formal economics models of behavioral game theory, see Camerer 2003.)

Thomas Aquinas wrote that law is a rule that defines the conduct for an action enforced by an authority. The ontology of natural laws should then address the following four logical possibilities. Natural law is either an illusion, self-created, self-existent, or was created. (1) Violations of natural law result in consequences and cannot be an illusion. (2) Natural laws are rules or effects from a cause and cannot be self-created. (3) Likewise, because natural laws are effects that must have a cause, they are prevented from being self-existent. (4) David Hume noted that man does not see the cause of the universe but only the effect, which requires an antecedent cause. The cause of the effects of natural law has harmony among its effects and therefore has purpose. Purpose emanates from the design of intellect. Intellect comes from the personality of a being. That being, ens necessarium, must transcend its creation because, if there was a time when nothing existed and now something exists, that something would have to have preexisted itself to have created itself from nothing, which is not possible. The creator being of the first cause of all effects is known theologically as God. This infinite God must either be accepted by each individual or be rejected and another standard and authority must be accepted. Mathematical theology in systematic political science assigns a numerical value to those choices. (For a philosophical guide to theological concepts, see Sproul 2000.)

The individual choice within the limited theological options forms each person's weltanschauung. All people must epistemologically decide what is deemed good and what is deemed evil from their chosen theology. William Blackstone and John Locke believed that good comes from God's (natural) laws, and bad comes from rejecting those laws. The behavioral options of natural law have been collated historically in the Decalogue and its subsets. They include adultery, murder, lying, and stealing. A natural law, such as not to murder, is either accepted as good or is rejected as evil and murder is accepted. A treebank can be formed from the Decalogue and other intangible monads (e.g., love and justice). If a dyad of (love, no justice) is believed, the obvious inconsistency can be evaluated. A person must believe either (love, justice) or (no love, no justice). The belief of compliance with the Decalogue or noncompliance with the Decalogue is the mathematical epistemological value.

The epistemological value is applied to all people as they pursue their common individual needs from neurological input. (For the principles of neuroscience, see Kandel et al. 2000. For a clinical introduction to neurological disorders that largely exclude behavioral freedom of will, see Pincus and Tucker 2003.) Those hierarchical needs, in ascending order, are survival, economic security, love and affection, self-esteem, and self-actualization. Each of those levels is assigned values in mathematical psychology.

Individuals pursuing their common needs will polarize for efficiency of effort into groups of other people with the same mathematical values and theological geography. The four main institutions thus formed are the family, the church, business, and government. Those institutions have subgroups of education, healthcare, etc. A nation-state's behavior is based on the values of the groups that comprise it. (For comprehensive data of current nation-states, see Area Handbook Series.) If more than fifty percent of the population has a goal of compliance with all natural law, a First World system is possible. (For a first-hand description of a newly formed First World system, see De Tocqueville 2000.) A Second World system is likely if slightly less than fifty percent accept natural law. If only a few percent of people in a society have a goal of compliance with natural law, only an unstable Third World system is possible. (For historical statistics of recent Third World behavior, see Courtois et al.1999.)

The behavioral direction of a nation-state is established from the eschatological beliefs for the present and eternal future of its population. Those beliefs are based on the initial individual choice of a theology. (For indirect eschatological connections to theology, see Sproul 2000.) The eschatology is mathematically valued accordingly.

Each of the mathematical values determined for theology, epistemology, psychology, sociology, and eschatology can then be plotted by time period(s) on a graph in the x, y planes. The I and IV quadrants of the z plane are used to plot the problem-solving abilities (IQ) of the individuals, institutions, or nation-states being mapped. Studies in behavioral genetics of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have demonstrated a high correlation in heritability of problem-solving abilities. (For an analysis of controversial problem-solving studies, see Herrnstein and Murray 1994. For a perspective of brain anatomy, see Damasio 2005. For brain imaging, see Huettel et al. 2009.)

The behavioral input to the anthropological maps may be augmented by psychometric instruments, latent semantic analysis, implicit association tests, polling, data mining, etc. The three-dimensional results should provide a behavioral arc via interpolation. That arc can be used to estimate future behavior in degrees of probabilities for likely decision-making outcomes.

The mapping outcomes can be analyzed by supercomputer simulations and modeling and red teamed for validation and verification of results. Computer algorithms are sets of instructions by finite humans and may or may not perfectly accomplish the desired task as it terminates in an end-state. (For underlying theorems concerning incompleteness, see Gödel 1986.) However, advances in technology and human understanding in the twenty-first century have substantially augmented qualitative methods with quantitative processes, finally making a true systematic political science possible.

Area Handbook Series, 107 vols. Washington, D.C.: American University.

Camerer, Colin. 2003. Behavioral game theory: Experiments in strategic interaction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Courtois, Stephane, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panne, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartosek, and Jean-Louis Margolin. 1999. The black book of communism: Crimes, terror, repression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Damasio, Hanna. 2005. Human brain anatomy in computerized images, (2nd Edition). USA: Oxford University Press.

De Tocqueville, Alexis. 2000. Democracy in America. Ed. Harvey Mansfield. Chicago, IL: Chicago Press.

Gödel, Kurt. 1986. Collected works, volume I: Publications 1929-1936. Ed. Solomon Feferman. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Herrnstein, R. J., and Charles Murray. 1994. The bell curve. New York, NY: Free Press.

Huettel, Scott, Allen Song, and Gregory McCarthy. 2009. Functional magnetic resonance imaging, (2nd Edition). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Kandel, Eric, James Schwartz, and Thomas Jessell. 2000. Principles of neural science. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Pincus, Jonathan H., and Gary J. Tucker. 2003. Behavioral neurology, (4th Edition). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Sproul, Robert C. 2000. The consequences of ideas: Understanding the concepts that shaped our world. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books.

------------ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2010 DALLAS F. BELL, JR.------------