Dilating Astrophysics Formulae with Hyper-Dimensional Binary Models of Information Systems

by
Dallas F. Bell, Jr.

(This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.[1])

Information is the quantitative measure of data communicated.  It has purpose and must come from an intellect with that decision-making attribute.  Recognized by Antony Flew, the late British philosopher and Oxford University professor, DNA is a complex digital coded information system.[2]  This indicates that the biological information system, DNA, requires not only energy (E), mass (m), and speed (c) but a causer, signified, for that effect, signifier.  The attributes of the Causer is expressed in the effect whether it is orderly or disorderly with temporal or eternal emphasis.

It has been observed that each living cell has nested coding, digital processing with retrieval and storage in the genomic operating system found in digital technology.  Astrophysics recognizes the information of neutrinos, gravitational radiation, cosmic rays, and electromagnetic radiation.  Electromagnetic radiation information has historically been within the spectrum of visible light.  Today, instruments and methods may detect other known bands of electromagnetic radiation, such as photons.

Many people have heard that, in general relativity, black holes have gravitational fields so strong that light cannot escape.  Using Newtonian theory, it can be calculated when a light particle of mass m with speed c can be trapped by a spherical mass M of a radius r.  The potential gravitational energy of the particle is   – GMm/r. Using special relativity for a particle moving at c the total energy of the particle is   E = ½ mc squared – GMm/r.  Newtonian theory explains the particle will escape from the gravitational field if E > 0 and will be trapped if E < 0.

Astrophysics may define information as the delocalization (electrons that do not reside along a single bond) of the state of the system of all possible events.  Binary systems contain two stars orbiting around a common center of gravity.  We know that numbers (1, 2, 3 etc.) and their implications (1 + 2 = 3 and does not equal anything other that 3 requiring the existence of equality or justice and so the existence of love, forgiveness, mercy, grace, redemption, and atonement etc.) exist into infinity and thus must have preexisted the material world of our universe.  Those nonmaterial effects, demonstrated by their behavioral effects, must have emanated from the first Causer that is also infinite with the attributes of justice, love, forgiveness, mercy, grace, redemption, and atonement etc.

The photon is a gauge boson[3] which carries electromagnetism.  Nonmaterial effects are much like massless photons.  The massless particle moving with speed c follows a geodesic[4] called null geodesic, ds squared = 0.  e and l tend to be infinite.  The mass goes to zero along the trajectory of the particle, dt → 0.  For dt = 0, t can not be used to label the trajectory.  Affine parameter[5] λ increases along the trajectory to provide a constant.  For a massless particle, e and l are defined with λ rather than the proper time t.  Nonmaterial attributes produce material behavioral effects subject to different definitions as with massless particles and particles with mass. 

Information is both material and nonmaterial.  They create a binary system orbiting around the causer which is the bounding center of gravity.  Information is also hyper-dimensional[6] because it exists materially (temporally) and non-materially (eternally) in the effect.  The function of the effect should be equal or less than the (energy E of mass m at speed c) function of the Causer, E > 0.  Gustav Kirchhoff's law[7] (1860) addresses thermodynamic equilibrium in radiative transfer theory (Sir Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster[8] 1905 and Karl Schwarzschild[9] 1914).  By assuming thermodynamic equilibrium, the source function is equal to the blackbody function Bv(T).

It was noted earlier that material life is/must be coded by DNA information, E of DNA order > 0.  Our fine-tuned universe (e.g. cosmological constant, redshift, and dark energy[10] etc.) of material non-life is/must be accommodating material life's DNA coded information.  Therefore, material non-life is/must also have accommodating purpose to support material life, E of universe fine-tuning order for ordered life > 0.  The quantitative measure of communicated data of both nonmaterial information, demonstrated behaviorally, and material information, including both life and non-life, means information = E and mc.   

Symmetry is a property of a system that does not change when the system is transformed.  However, phase transitions may create symmetry breaking in the amount of symmetry of a system.  In the model of an information system, the causer may change the function of an effect for various motivations.  Biblical examples include the creation of Adam and Eve,[11] Sarah giving birth in old age,[12] the sun's shadow going backward ten degrees,[13]  Mary's virgin birth of Jesus,[14] water (the molecules of H2O) being turned into wine by Jesus (the molecules of alcohol, esters, and ethers),[15] and the resurrection of Jesus the Christ.[16]  Sarah giving birth, Mary's virgin birth of Jesus, and the resurrection of Christ are each examples of violations of known laws in our universe that were also examples of fulfilled prophesy.  Each of those effects affirms the first Causer.

Prophesies yet to be realized are exemplified by nonmaterial eternal judgment by the first Causer toward created beings with freewill[17] and the material creation a new heaven and a new earth by the first Causer.[18]  Man has demonstrated his freewill to affect the universe by creating temperatures below 2.73K, which arguably never existed in the universe prior to around a century ago.  

Models of material information systems must account for entropy.  The effects become obscure to the finite observer.  Information can be misinterpreted by the finite observer due to a lack of understanding or be an intentional deception[19] by the causer.  Peter Landsberg's 1984 formula for entropy of order in a system said order = 1 – Co / Ci (Co is the order capacity of a system and Ci is the information capacity of the system).[20]

Transparency of information is crucial to communication potential.  Opacity is the degree to which light is not allowed to travel through something, where 1 is not transparent at all and 0.5 is at 50%.  In developing experimental models of stellar interiors, astrophysicists need to know the value of opacity X.  They can apply the Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann law[21] and Meghnad Saha equation[22] to find out the number of atoms and electrons in various energy levels and stages of ionization.  When electromagnetic radiation of frequency v impinges on the system, atoms can absorb this radiation if electrons associated with the atoms are pushed to levels which have energies higher by amount hv as compared to previous levels.

In quantum mechanics, atomic energy levels can be either discrete (bound) or continuum (free).  The absorption rate of radiation by atom can be due to the upward electronic transitions bound-bound, bound-free, or free-free.  Enrico Fermi's golden rule[23] is used to calculate the absorption of cross-sections.  The cross-sections for all atoms and electrons at different excitation and ionization levels present in unit volume are added up.  When the effect of the stimulated emission is included, the absorption coefficient αv is determined from which the opacity is obtained.  It can then be shown that both bound-free and free-free transition, which are the dominate processes for opacity, lead to an opacity that varies with density p and temperature T, X α p/T 3.5.  That Hendrik Kramers' law[24] (1923) is not true for all temperatures.  If the temperature is low so will be the energy level of the atoms and it will be possible for radiation to be absorbed only if there are sufficiently energetic photons to knock off electrons from the lowest absorption levels.  Then, opacity is expected to drop at lower temperatures.  Conversely, at higher temperatures (a few thousand degrees), the opacity hits the maximum level and seems to be independent of density and reaches an asymptotic[25] value.  The opacity of information and potential absorption for communication is also lower at low energy levels and higher at higher energy levels, which begin to surpass density dependence approaching a limiting value potential.

Information from Christian Doppler's effect is gained from the source of a sound moving away from an observer at speed v and the speed of sound through the air is cs.  The frequency of the sound wave measured by the observer will be related to the frequency which the sound is emitted.[26]  For light, the speed c is the same for all observers and the relative speed v between a light-emitting source and an observer cannot exceed c.  This Doppler effect can be applied to light if v is small compared to c and c replaces cs.  A light source moving away from an observer will appear shifted toward the red side of the light spectrum.  That redshift z information of spectral lines can also provide the speed at which the galaxy is moving away from an observer or toward an observer.  Vesto Slipher noted most galaxies were moving away from us[27] as Edwin Hubble discovered that the more faraway galaxies are moving away from us at higher speeds (See Endnote 10).  Hubble's law would seem to hold that for any galaxy it will appear from that location that all other galaxies will be moving away in the expanding universe, where all points are equivalent in a uniformly expanding plane.        

Quantum mechanics indicates information is never lost, even when it falls into a black hole.  Stephen Hawking recently proposed that everything that falls into a black hole affects the way Hawking radiation escapes.  Then, information about what falls into the black hole is stored in the Hawking radiation in the event horizon.  Gerardus 't Hooft, 1999 Nobel Prize winner in physics, wrote (1996) that Hawking radiation does carry information out of black holes.

Pi[28] is considered to be an infinite non-repeating combination of numbers.  As a binary program, pi has been reasoned to contain the encoded simulation of the universe.  For this to be accurate, the combination of all possible numbers in every possible sequence must first assume that the infinite series does not repeat.  Different orders of infinity may not allow for a smaller order to contain all the elements of a larger one.  Tulane University physicist, Frank Tipler noted in his book, The Physics of Christianity, that physics requires a beginning cosmological singularity [29] and his other book, The Physics of Immortality, theorized that an omega point computer could occur in special circumstances, just before the final collapse of our collapsing universe, which would have enough power to produce simulations of every thing that has every lived (e.g. everyone's individual genetic code,[30] every molecule change in neural ion channels for each thought,[31] every word said[32] and deed done,[33] etc.).  In theory, pi indicates the information is already available if you know what to look for (e.g. including credible science for Jesus' virgin birth, incarnation, and resurrection, etc.).  The admitted existence of information is separate from finite ability to retrieve that information.

Hyper-dimensional binary models of material and nonmaterial information systems are made by expanding or dilating astrophysics material models or formulae.  A nonmaterial result of this information expansion is the evidence that the first Causer, an infinite Being, must be perfectly complete and whole, holy.  The heavens declare the glory of the first Causer where day unto day utters speech and night unto night shows knowledge.[34]  Everything, except the first Causer, is an effect which is information communicated between intellects defined as such due to their decision-making freewill.  Even finite minds have acknowledged the connection of everything by six degrees of separation.  Denying this reality, the absurdist philosopher Albert Camus indicated in "The Myth of Sisyphus," leads to an alternative of suicide.  The eternal justice of God would mean once a person dies, by suicide or other means, then in the next moment he must be face-to-face with the God he denied and then be subject to accept the eternal judgment for his decisions.[35]  That eternal justice has an equilibrium which requires eternity in hell for the unjust and eternity in heaven for the just.  Unholy, incomplete, finite beings would be eternally unjust (a universal positive) unless the infinite just creator Being infuses that hopelessly unjust state with atonement from (non-dark or known[36]) redemptive energy.[37]  Seeking this single source of redemption is derived from analysis of material and nonmaterial information systems which explains the ultimate purpose for being created. 

"The two most important days in your life are the day you were born and the day you find out why."  (Attributed to Mark Twain née Samuel Clemens)

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