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Projecting the Human Paradigm onto Robot AI:
A Proof of Philosophiæ
Naturalis
by Dallas F. Bell, Jr.
JASON, the defense advisory group for science and
technology, has long advocated for a class of super soldier through genetic
manipulation of human DNA.[1] An ethical alternative may be found in
robotics. Robotics is commonly understood
to be the branch of technology that designs, builds, and operates the
mechanical agent called a robot (meaning [servant] work) by Karel Čapek
in 1921. Advances in the artificial
intelligence (AI) that controls robots are frequently made. The expected outcome around 2050 is the
surpassing of human decision-making capability. Modal logic provides the principle that
human attributes are actual and so are theoretical possible to replicate by
robot's AI, (p→Mp).
Aristotle saw the universe as inherently purposeful. He explained potentiality exists for the
sake of actuality. Mechanical
philosophy is a branch of natural philosophy that describes the universe as a
large mechanism composed of parts where mechanical laws of motion indicate all
phenomena is determined from the past to the future. Obviously, this falls short of
explaining the human mind or life itself.
Hylomorphism (Greek hyle
means matter, morphē means form)
ascribes matter and form to human beings.
Aristotle said a soul is the form that gives life to the body of
matter. Thomas Aquinas defined
humans as the composite of the soul as the form that constitutes body
matter. A dead body would merely be
matter that had once been configured by the soul without possessing the
configuring capacity of a human being.
The rational capacity of humans is believed to be the ultimate domain of
the soul. Whereas, the brain
mechanism does have cognitive function it lacks autonomy. Then to live a life rationally,
according to Aristotle's ethics for the best human life, requires the inhabitation
of a non-material soul.
Self-awareness comes from that reality and cannot be expected to be
replicated by robot AI.
Robot AI can be inputted through integrated[2] sensory
collected data as is projected by the human paradigm. The proprioceptive senses perceive the
body's own position, motion, and state.
Traditionally, there are five senses: sight (to detect the spectrum of
light reflected from objects), hearing (detecting vibrations in the
atmosphere), smell (olfaction—detection of substance in the gaseous state
of the atmosphere), taste (the detection of sweetness, saltiness, sourness, and
bitterness from sampled molecules), and touch (detects pressure, temperature,
and traction of objects).
The senses do detect the materials of solids, gasses, and
plasma but also detect the non-material rational realities of love, justice,
mercy, and grace etc. as well as their irrational counterfeits of hate, injustice,
cruelty, and unforgiveness etc.
Operationalism is the philosophy of defining a concept that will measure
a concept's variables with observations.
Measuring a non-material phenomenon (such as love), indicated by the existence
of other material phenomenon (such as behavior), allows for the material
measurement of non-material, which is not directly measureable. For example, the existential concept of
love may be studied. Though fMRI
scans can see the result of brain stimuli from questions concerning the object
of love, love's presence cannot be directly measured by an observer since it is
not tangible. However, observers
can measure reactions to stimuli from facial and body expressions, vocabulary
choice,[3]
and tone of voice.[4] Each of those observations can be made
by the symmetry programmed into robot AI.
Thereby, broadening Pascal's definition of the limits of material's
ability to actually understand the non-material.
Definitions of the non-material are needed to establish
their behavioral spectrums for analysis.
Love, called agápē,
is ultimately expressed by the order shown from the extreme self-sacrifice for
the object of the love. There is no
greater agape than to lay down one's life for others.[5] The most famous case is Jesus dying on
the cross for the sins of other people.
A recent example of the lack of love, or hate, is the Orthodox Jews, in
Israel, disordered refusal to endanger themselves by becoming part of their
Israeli Defense Force. Justice is
the equality of an action(s) and its circumstances with the outcomes. Understanding this is key to having a
prospective that maximizes input for problem-solving—wisdom.[6] The intentional and premeditated taking
of innocent human life for personal gain should have the punishment equal to
that action. This is order and not
a vengeful response.[7] The disorder of injustice can be seen by
the lack of a reciprocal outcome.
Mercy is the intentional negation of the just outcome for an action by
the forgiving object wronged by that action. An ordered example may be when a
remorseful youngster is forgiven the theft of an apple by expiation and not
prosecuted by the store owner. A
common example of disorder is the store owner chopping off the youngster's hand
according to Sharia law.[8]
Order in the spectrum of humor can also be analyzed. Humor is humble and self-deprecating
(one's self is the intentional primary object of the humorous juxtaposing
situation). Its goal is to produce
laughter, which boosts the immune system of humans.[9] The order is visible by the following
joke by Steven Wright: "Right now I'm
having amnesia and dj vu at the same time. I think I've forgotten this before." Conversely, the disorder can be analyzed
by the words of Jon Stewart: ''Yes, reason has been a part of
organized religion, ever since two nudists took dietary advice from a talking
snake.'' Stewart arrogantly[10] places
himself in a position of superiority aimed at mocking his objects of scorn: the
biblical account of Yahweh recorded by Moses and its Judeo-Christian followers. The goal is to produce a reaction of
jeers by his supporters, which cause stress and lowers human immune systems.[11]
Self-esteem comes from receiving appropriate
external feedback for behavior that is exceptionally efficient (orderly), which
causes internal mood elevating neural chemicals to be released as a proper reward
for order (e.g. a high school student is complimented for perfect scores in an
advanced math class and as a result decides to take college math courses and
continues to score in the upper percentile causing the proper development of
self-esteem from doing math).
External feedback that is inappropriate for behavior that is not
exceptionally efficient (disorderly) may temporarily cause internal reward
processes to improperly activate.
When the false reinforcement (pride) ultimately ends,[12] nature will
reinforce the lack of exceptional efficiency and stress will replace the reward
process causing unnecessary anxiety disorder[13] (e.g. a high
school student is inappropriately complimented for average and below average grades
in a math class and as a result decides to take college math classes and earns
failing grades causing the delayed, yet proper, development of a lack of
self-esteem from doing math). Order
demands self-esteem must be properly earned just as earning respect comes from
the proper recognition of a long-tern behavioral pattern of exceptional ordered
efficiency.
Recognition of distinct differences within sets is
paramount to learning. For example,
the set of happiness contains a joyous eternal state of order and a temporal material
state of disorder. The eternal state
of order is derived from fear of the Creator,[14] trust in
the Creator,[15] obeying the
Creator,[16] and the
wisdom[17] that
follows. The state of disorder is
derived from the temporal material categories of prominence,[18] prosperity,[19] sensuality,[20] and
foolishness that follow.[21]
Symmetry is an agreement in dimensions and asymmetry is the
disagreeing of dimensions. A dyadic
or binary relation R is symmetrical
iff Rxy is true and Ryx is true. In other words, the set X (is beautiful)
of x and y means xRy then yRx. This is a symmetrical relation because x is beautiful iff y is beauty. It is
asymmetrical if x and y of the set X is xRy then not yRx. The
relation is asymmetrical iff it is both anti-symmetrical (for all x and y if xRy and yRx then x = y [³ is
anti-symmetrical] and irreflexive (for all x
in X it is not xRx [> is
irreflexive]). Heterogeneous binary
relations may be injective, if xRy
and zRy then x = z, or partial
functions, if xRy and xRz then y = z. A (ordered triple) binary relation R may be defined as (X, Y, G) where X and Y (domain [set of
departure] and co-domain [set of destination]) are arbitrary sets or classes
and G (graph) is a subset of X x Y
(Cartesian product).
Decades of studies of the collected digitized scans of human
faces and bodies have been measured for symmetry. It has been discovered that male (XY
chromosomes) find attractive and prefer female (XX chromosomes) symmetry, and
vice versa, over their asymmetrical counterparts. The vast majority of people agree that
physical beauty is the same ratio between features and that can be quantified
by mathematical measurements. Thus,
"is beautiful" is symmetrical when x is beautiful and beautiful is y.
Facial recognition systems use the same measurement of facial features
and the software searches the database for the symmetry for a match and
identification.[22]
Biometrics uses fingerprints and the iris of eyes to also
find symmetry for identifying a match.
The unique landmarks for body shape and walking gait use algorithms
developed for computer evaluation.[23] Template training of their AI involves
scaling and cropping key frame silhouettes and comparing them to a gallery of
frames.[24] Template a is compared to template b
for a match score C. The max correlation value is chosen as
the template match score C(a,b) which may identify the nearest
neighbor class. Understandably, the
databases for such searches would be too large to be practicable for a mobile
robot of human scale, but obviously could be accessed by Cloud[25]
or Wi-Fi type wireless communications.
Much like the evolution of other technologies, such as the MRI,
developing function comes before the increased practicality of miniaturization.
Western architects have long rationally used harmonic
sequences to establish proportional floor plans to establish order for design
of churches and grand estates. Chinese
fēng shuǐ (literally means wind-water) uses a bagua (literally means eight symbols; ba means eight and gua means trigrams) to map rooms or
locations to see how the different sections correspond to aspects of life.
These sections are irrationally believed to relate to every area of life and
are divided into categories such as: fame, relationships and marriage, children
and creativity, helpful people and travel, career, inner knowledge,
family/ancestors and health, and wealth/blessings.
Taoist
Bagua
The I Ching (Book of
Changes) dates from the 9th century BC in China. The binary system of the I Ching is based on
the duality of yin and yang (eight
trigrams, bagua, and a set of 64 hexagrams, sixty-four gua). The solid
line of a trigram is the yang (sun) line, the broken line is the yin (moon) line.[26] Gottfried Leibniz
interpreted the hexagrams of the I Ching
as evidence of binary calculus. He
noted how its hexagrams correspond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111. The modern binary number system, the
basis for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII),[27]
is in his 1679 Explication de l'Arithmtique Binaire (Explanation of the Binary Arithmetic). Leibniz's system used only 0 and
1 as follows.
乾 Qián (represents heaven)
☰ equals 0,
which in binary is 000.
兌 Duì (represents lake)
☱ equals 1, which in binary is 001.
離 Lí (represents fire)
☲ equals 2,
which in binary is 010.
震 Zhèn (represents thunder)
☳ equals 3,
which in binary is 011.
巽 Xùn (represents wind)
☴ equals 4,
which in binary is 100.
坎 Kǎn (represents water)
☵ equals 5,
which in binary is 101.
艮 Gèn (represents mountain)
☶ equals 6,
which in binary is 110.
坤 Kūn (represents earth)
☷ equals 7,
which in binary is 111.
Leibniz
believed that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of creatio ex nihilo (creation out of nothing).[28] Zero or nothing does exist and indicates
the state of reality defined by the absence of anything. The observation of zero by an intellect
must have preceded human intellect and the created universe they inhabit. Likewise, harmony is the
observation by an intellect, which must have pre-existed humans,[29]
of the state of efficiency by the purposeful arrangement of objects (such as
our fine-tuned universe[30]),
colors, vibrations, societies, and even marriages. People in harmony associate with other
people in harmony because they recognize the efficiency of effort and the
disorder of disharmony.[31]
To be espoused[32]
in marriage is to join (Greek harmozō) and become a
pleasing arrangement of parts (Greek harmonia). Marriage between an adult human male (XY
chromosomes) and an adult human female (XX chromosomes) for life can create the
conditions for a harmonious family unit suitable for creating and nurturing
children to propagate a harmonious society. The alternatives to that state are human
and non-human unions or human homosexual unions which create disorder from
disharmony. For example, sexual
stimulation between humans with XX chromosomes and humans with XX chromosomes
require the counterfeiting of penis action from a human with XY chromosomes
which has been rejected. Likewise,
the sexual stimulation between humans with XY chromosomes and humans with XY
chromosomes require counterfeiting a vagina from a human with XX chromosomes,
which has been rejected.[33] Historically, when the percentage of a
societal population with this proclivity grows large the societal disorder
increases, beginning with the institution of family, and the society ceases to
exist.[34]
A harmonic series in music looks at the wavelengths of the
overtones of a vibrating string ½, 1/3, ¼, 1/5 etc. of the
strings wavelength (which diverge for 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 and converge for α > 1). The
harmonic mean (e.g. 1/3) is between its neighbors (e.g. ½ and ¼)
in the series. Musical notes that
are an octave apart (e.g. Middle C and High C) have little discordance. The wave pattern of Middle C and Middle
G complement each other without clashing.
An analysis of the portrayal of Technical Death Metal sheet music below
can be predicted to have little designed harmony when compared to the sheet
music of Mozart that follows.
Neuroscience of the
brain-based mechanism has shown that harmonious and pleasant music elicits
changes in the cerebral blood flow in the region associated with reward and
motivation.[35] When inharmonious or unpleasant
meladoies are played, the brain activates the posterior cingulate cortex which
indicates conflict or emotional pain.[36] Findings suggest that pitch
incongruities are detected automatically as comparisons of muscial scale
properties are made.[37] Adult females have been found to process
music bilaterally and adult males have been found to process music with
right-hemispheric dominance.[38]
Analysis of the spectrum of human
problem-solving abilities is important to gaging data. The higher end of this order may be
demonstrated by Albert Einstein who explained the theory of relativity in his
20's. He has been quoted on the
subject of weather and complexity. He said, "When the number of factors coming
into play in a phenomenological complex is too large scientific method, in most
cases, fails. One need only think of the weather, in which case the prediction
even for a few days ahead is impossible. Nevertheless, no one doubts that we are
confronted with a causal connection whose causal components are in the main
known to us. Occurrences in this
domain are beyond the reach of exact prediction because of the variety of
factors in operation, not because of any lack of order in nature." The lower end of ability and order is
demonstrated by Alfred Sharpton, who has no positive accomplishments and was in
his 60's when he spoke on July, 2015, regarding weather and complexity. "Levels of carbon dioxide are higher
than they have been in 800,000 years. Carbon... (is) poisonous pollution in the
air. And we know that the twenty
warmest years on record for our planet all happened since 1990." All educated people know there are no
records, as such, for the last 800,000 years. Grade school children with average
abilities know all organic life is carbon based and plant life must have carbon
dioxide to live and so is not a poison.
We know there was a warmer period in medieval times contrary to his
statement about the last twenty years.
The only proof of alarmist global warming predictions is
computer-generated models which have been proven false over and over. The most accurate measurements from
satellite data now shows there has been no warming in almost 21 years. Last year, the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change acknowledged it hadn't warmed in 15 years. Polar ice caps are growing at record
rates and some peer-reviewed studies are predicting an upcoming mini ice age.
The order in the Thomas
Kinkade painting (titled Evening at Swanbrooke Cottage) below can be seen by
the designed portrayal of harmonious objects with harmonious colors of light.
Kinkade's harmonious rendering above can be contrasted by
fractal analysis to the Jackson Pollock painting[39]
(titled No. 5, 1948) below which has no designed harmonious color or ordered
objects--kitsch.
The images of the paintings above show
diffusion limited
aggregation, which is a type of fractal growth that can be analyzed. Fractals are infinitely scaled and
iterated abstract patterns. Fractal
analysis measures complexity
using the fractal dimension. The many types of fractal
dimension, DF, are meters of complexity.
Complexity is a change in
detail with change in scale.
Deduction of the scaling rule or DF is made from knowing how
something scales. This concerns the
relationship between N
(the number of pieces which is equivalent to the detail in the pattern) and ε (the scale used to get the new pieces)
so N∝ε- DF.
The same relationships
in sheet music can be measured.[40]
Mediated knowledge is gaining information through the filter
of a medium. An example of the
mediated input of negative images is pornography. Pornography is the use of visual or
audio sexually suggestive imagery with the intent to stimulate from turpitude a
rational sexual response. That
logical definition is often subverted by a legal definition for the sake of
promoting pornography.[41] Humans have a licentious desire for this
disorder even as the intellect recognizes the opposing order. Greek, Roman, and Asian cultures (India,
China, and Japan) intertwined sex with religion. The Kāmasūtra[42]
is the ancient Hindu[43]
text originally consisting of prose and poetry depicting the stimulation of
sexual desire. Later, artistic
drawings of sexual acts were added to the descriptive words.
The Christian influenced Victorian era described such
renderings in the 1857 medical dictionary as descriptions of prostitutes
regarding public hygiene. Soon
Victorian laws began to be composed to restrict the possession of these works
of disorder.
A 2012 study of females, whose male sexual partners were
frequent viewers of pornography, showed the females' quality of the
relationship and sexual satisfaction decreased the more the males were exposed
to pornography. The males also
increased their avoidance of intimacy necessary for a harmonious relationship. People support things that are an
extension of themselves and do not support things they do not internally
covet. In other words, a person's
outwardly (behaviorally) expressed support is equal to their inner wants and
desires.
An Israeli company recently created a devise (OrCam) that
reads text (English only) for the visually impaired. It can not distinguish the specific
context.[44] Speech and language communicate with
words that have accepted meanings.
Units of value would remain constant or else the communication is
unequal. For example, if an
employer says they will pay $1,000 for the first day's work and another $1,000
for the second day's work etc. for seven consecutive day's work, the worker
should reasonable expect a $7,000 payday on day seven. If on day seven the employer tells the
worker he meant the first day to be a week and the second day to be a month
etc. and only the seventh day was a 24-hour period, it could be concluded the
employer is either irrational or he desired to deceive the worker for the
motive, perhaps to get free labor.
People may use hyperbole to exaggerate word meanings in an
understood way. For example, a
neighbor asks how long it took to plant the garden and it is acceptable to say
it took forever. Each knows what is
meant is that the unit of time used "forever" expressed that the garden took
lots of hard work. Conversely, if
the neighbor asks how long it took to build the dog house and the reply is a
blink of an eye, each know it took longer, but the unit of time "blink of an
eye" is a metaphorical expression that is meant to convey it was an easy and
even fun project. To say it took
the longest time to finish the project uses the 3rd degree
superlative "longest" for comparison to long (1st degree) and longer
(2nd degree). Panegyric
orators often exaggerate expected praise for the deceased.
Poems communicate observations in rhythm and meter etc. by a
skilled wordsmith. The greater the
writer's skill the greater potential of the work's symmetry and harmony with reality. Other uses of language (i.e. prose etc.)
may be called poems, but in reality are not definable by the acceptably
measurable rules of poetry, much like a fuselage without wings or turbine
engine(s) may be incorrectly called a jet aircraft. To paralogically label non-art as art is
delusional. Delusion is the
adherence to an idea when it is clearly incorrect. Energy and purpose is required to create
the balanced equation of order and beauty which exceeds the disorder of
entropy. Reducing a forest to ash
by fire is not the same as milling the wood of a forest to make violins. Art has the same general protocol as
science: an observation is made, a theory is made about the observation, and
replication of the observation is attempted. Nature, not mankind, has already set the
bounds for art, which can be accepted or rejected by mankind. The disorder of a set can not exceed the
original set of order.
Examine the ordered harmony from the intellect and education
demonstrated in the poem below written by John Milton.
Paradise Lost: Book 1 (1674 version)
OF Mans First Disobedience, and the
Fruit
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tast
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden,
till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat,
Sing Heav'nly Muse, that on the secret top
Oreb,
or of Sinai, didst
inspire
That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen Seed,
In the Beginning how the Heav'ns and Earth
Rose out of Chaos:
or if Sion Hill
Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that
flow'd
Fast by the Oracle of God; I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventrous Song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above th' Aonian Mount, while it
pursues
Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime.
And chiefly Thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all Temples th' upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for Thou know'st; Thou from the first
Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread
Dove-like satst brooding on the vast Abyss
And mad'st it pregnant: What in me is dark
Illumin, what is low raise and support;
That to the highth of this great Argument
I may assert Eternal Providence,
And justifie the wayes of God to men.
A 21st
century movement to mine the Internet for odd search terms and place the disordered
results together
in a pseudo intelligent order is called Flarf poetry. There is an example
below by Rodney
Koeneke.
The Adorno Corollary
"I would like to write a poem
that equals
The Snack Bar at Auschwitz"
— Gloria Frym
latte falls on Auschwitz
in the staterooms, sermons
are doorjambs
from which the reader learns to open and decode
all the types of symbols
meta-content means
I regulate myself
in the search for sexy subforms
on the Proust list
"There in the willows we hung our hearts"
ecriture for the fléneur:
note to self: build tunnels
under sub-meme:
so many hecatombs
died for the gods
until I learned to improvise
the apricots
That inharmonious set of unrelated words can be described by
psychiatrists as word salad. This
is a confused or unintelligible mixture of random words or phrases usually as a
result of a mental disorder. Zen (Buddhist) kōans often juxtapose two or more
incongruous concepts to intentionally create word salad. Some examples of kōans are below.
Dongshan Shouchu
(910-990) was asked "What is Buddha?" He said, "Three pounds of
flax."[45]
Yun-Men Wenyan (864-949)
was asked "Not even a thought has arisen; is there still a sin or
not?" Yun-Men replied, "Mount Sumeru!"
Zhozhōu Cōngshěn (778-897) was asked "What is the meaning of the
ancestral teacher's (i.e. Bodhidharma in the 5th or 6th
century) coming from the west?" He said, "The cypress tree in front
of the hall."[46]
Stories, dialogues, questions, and
statements are used in Zen practice to provoke the "great doubt" (hopelessness↔fear[47])
and test a student. In Zen
practice, a kōan is not thought of as a meaningless riddle or puzzle. Teachers expect students to present a
response deemed appropriate. A
central theme of many kōans is the identity of opposites or exploration of
duality. The style of writing of
Zen texts has been influenced by Asian literary games (such as allusions, indirect
references, inventive wordplay, and linking verses in a sustained string based
on hidden points of connection) for creating disconnection and contradictions from
unrelated verses to stimulate thought.
The soul forces the human brain's neural logic gates to conjure
rationality (order and harmony) from irrational nonsense (disorder and
disharmony) by surrendering consciousness in meditation[48]
which is then called enlightenment.
Christian meditation[49]
is directed by Scripture to be an ongoing process[50]
and is to be focused on the harmonious Creator and His harmonious laws[51]
for getting superior knowledge[52]
and satisfaction.[53] Christian Scripture provides order and
harmony to remove great doubts and to create rational hopefulness↔courage[54]
with revelations and enlightenment.[55] This biblical text can be compared for
order and harmony to other religious texts, such as for Buddhists exemplified
by the missing logical constraints in the Zen kōans[56]
shown earlier. An example of the
biblical order and harmony follows.
The
English version of the 23rd Psalm written by the Hebrew King David.
1.
The
Lord is my shepherd;
I shall not want.
2.
He
makes me to lie down in green pastures;
He leads me beside the still waters.
3.
He
restores my soul;
He leads me in the paths of righteousness
For His name's sake.
4.
Yea,
though I walk through the valley of
the shadow of death,
I will fear no evil;
for You are with me;
Your rod and Your staff, they comfort me.
5. You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies;
You anoint my head with oil;
my cup runs over.
6.
Surely
goodness and mercy shall follow me
all the days of my life;
and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.
As humans have a time of
meditation, robot AI must periodically receive new input outside its scope of
knowledge from its programmer. The
AI should also be able to request input, as needed, from the programmer when a
void in input harmony is recognized, much like humans do in prayer to the
Creator. An obvious example is the
conflict inherent in a paradox.
Euclid stated that the whole of a set is greater than any of its parts,
but in 1638 Galileo noted the paradox that the squares of positive integers can
be placed in a one-to-one correspondence with all positive integers. Infinite collections may have one
collection in one-to-one correspondence with a part of another, which does not
exclude the possibility that another method may pair the wholes with one-to-one
correspondence. Epimenides and
later Eubulides looked at the liar's paradox. If someone states they are a liar this
potential truth conflicts with their admission they do not tell the truth.[57] Order does not allow for something to be
both true and false at the same time.
Then the reality of a paradox results from a linguistic misunderstanding
or a lack of contributing information for which humanly unachievable infinite
ability may be required.
Like a paradox, antimony seemingly
has conflict between two opposing laws.
Kant described four antinomies: limitation of the universe in time and
space, the whole consist of indivisible atoms, freewill in a deterministic
universe, and the necessary existence of a being. With modern understanding, each of those
conflicts have been satisfactorily eliminated by unbiased people: time can be
traced to a beginning and so exists within infinite eternity etc., atoms have
sub-particles etc., studies of monozygotic twins raised together have shown to
commonly produce opposing behaviors of freewill in a universe of purposed laws etc.,
and infinite numbers show the existence of infinity and infinite eternity is
also known to exist within our purposed universe in which an pre-existent being
with infinite intellect is the first causer of all effects by necessity etc.. Those antinomies resulted from
misunderstanding and a lack of data.
Ironically, the disproval of Kantian
style ideas, by academic disciplines from physics and neuroscience to philosophy
and theology, have given rise to the recent nonsensical response that there is
no absolute truth, which denies the existence of absolute truth while the
statement itself puts forward a statement of absolute truth. By this we see that humans have the
ability to deny clear proof that their ideas are false. They continue to propagate them in order
to deny a higher truth largely, in this case, that there is a creator Being,
whose laws require submission or acceptance of the consequences for their
violations. Programming of robot AI
must not be linguistically contaminated by the denial of true data as humans
often freely choose, especially the extreme denial and totalen krieg on exponential realities common to atheists.[58] Holiness requires freewill to choose to
reject or accept order, which excludes robot AI ability to be complete and be
whole or holy.
Regarding AI analysis of poem form, poetry editor at The
Nation, Jordan Davis points out that a Twitter bot,[59] Pentametron,[60]
analyzes prosody[61] and he thinks
an anaphora[62]
analysis could be possible, as would a sieve[63]
for repeated line/word forms such as villanelles,[64]
pantoums,[65] and
sestinas,[66]
especially looking for mid-sentence line-breaks. Davis advises that prose poetry is
probably the most difficult, except that most prose poems are a single
paragraph less than a page long. He
recommends looking at longer poems to see if the AI can differentiate between
the genres.[67]
The importance of weights of conjunctions is not to be
overlooked in language analysis.
The weight of the T-norm of
the conjunction importance is T(a and b) = T(b and a). For example, the
set of husband and wife or the set of body and soul can each be considered to
be of the same type. Case-sensitive
issues pervade the subtleties and the first word may set up a pattern or schema
for interpretation of the second word's role. Before two apples and five oranges can
be said to equal seven fruits, the apple and orange categories need to be
converted to fruit. The weighted power mean provides one type of generalized conjunction/disjunction
operator, having an "andness" that can be adjusted continuously between 1 (pure
conjunction, or min) and 0 (pure disjunction, or max) as the power exponent
ranges from minus infinity to plus infinity, respectively. Intermediate choices
of the exponent produce the harmonic mean (-1 exponent), geometric mean (0
exponent), arithmetic mean (1 exponent) and root-mean square (2 exponent). The
weights describe the relative importance of the terms in the
conjunction/disjunction. Weighting
conjunction and disjunction, by various mean type functions, often leads to
non-commutativity order, but a non-commutative order is not always given by
such constructions. The computer
scientist receiving the 1966 Turing Award, Alan Perlis cautioned about
the difficulty of mapping informal language to formal
language by a formal algorithm.[68] The Stanford Literary Lab, co-founded in
2010 by English professor Franco
Moretti at Stanford University, uses
computational analysis of literature to create statistics. Their researchers use the produced data
to form graphs for observation, but deemphasize statistics as the primary
source for drawing conclusions.
As with human infants,[69]
robot's AI must first distinguish between nouns (objects) and verbs (motion),
and then modifiers. After inputting
colors, temperatures, sizes, weights, and shapes etc., the next step is
recognizing the classes of inanimate (no potential for movement) and animate
objects (has the potential for movement), differences in genders, and
problem-solving abilities. Next is
the measuring of innate human ethics to not be lied to, stolen from or
murdered, applying the rule or law[70]
to treat others as one wants to be treated, realizing inner coveting leads to
the violation of rational ethics.
AI has to determine along the range of categories, from music to poetry,
the rules which allow for prioritizing choices that make the harmonious and
symmetrical from the low end (min) of the spectrum, as bad or evil, and the
high end (max) of the spectrum, as good or righteous.[71] It is explicit that robot freewill has
parameters to not violate the stated programmed natural philosophy of ethics[72]
(e.g. will not lie, not steal, nor murder).[73] It is also implicit that the freewill of
robots is bounded by the parameters of physics (e.g. they can not dematerialize
and reappear in another time or place) nor can they possess self-awareness
without a non-material soul. Robots,
made in man's image,[74]
can never have rights[75]
reserved for humans because they can never have the responsibility to choose to
accept good or do good due their exclusive programming of good. The final generation of robot's AI will
make them highly suited for space exploration and colonization. Even though the problems associated with
the survivability of humans in long-term space are being addressed, others warn
that people that might take the suicide mission should not be allowed to do so.[76] The precautionary principle says when an
activity raises threats of harm to human health measures should be taken even
if some cause-and-effect relationships are not fully established by
science. Other people point out
that space travel for humans would still involve prayer times and other
esteemed activities.[77] Some robot AI depends entirely on binary
systems while others use continuous variables, such as control theory, fuzzy
logic, and neural networks etc.[78] However, each must ultimately use binary
decision making options.[79] Finally, robot AI may prove to be a
valuable tool for human progress if the permutable[80] lessons
of human frailty are properly applied from the inception. Then, like all created things, the
ultimate purpose of robots to glorify their Creator[81]
will have been accomplished.
[1] Many
unclassified papers by JASON can be found at
http://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/
[2]
Jeannette Wing, department head of computer science at Carnegie Mellon
University and vice president of research at Microsoft, has and is conducting
research in the integration of the sensory systems of AI.
[3] Cursing
includes chillul HaShem (Hebrew
meaning desecration of The Name [Yahweh]) and earthy terms (profanity) used in
an irrational context. For example,
the use of the geographic place of hell in a phrase such as "What the hell is
going on?" can be seen as non-sense if another geographic location is substituted
for hell, such as "What the Paris is going on?" Additionally, the use of a slang term
for sexual intercourse in a phrase, such as "you are sexual intercourse-ing
wrong", is obviously gibberish emanating from someone with a poor vocabulary or
lack of understanding of what sexual intercourse entails.
[4] Voice
inflections can indicate humor (rational expressions of irony and
juxtapositions as well as irrational forms of hate such as mocking and
scoffing), sarcasm, mood ranges etc.
[5] John
15:13; 1 John 3:16.
[6] Teach a
just man and he will increase in learning (Prov. 9:9).
[7]
Vengeance is God's (Deut. 32:35; Rom. 12:19). The wages of disorder is death (Rom.
6:23).
[8] Sharia (Islamic law) is an Arabic word
meaning "path" or "way." Theft (stealing) is a Hudūd (meaning limit)
crime in Sharia, with a fixed punishment that is immutable. They are considered
claims of their monotheistic Babylonian moon god (Allah), revealed through
Muhammad who was married to an eight year old girl, and they cannot be altered
or abolished by people, jurists or parliament. Anyone once charged with a hadd crime
must be pursued by the Muslim state, that charge cannot be retracted, nor can
any authority grant a pardon. He or she must be punished. The
punishment is severing of the hands.
Qur'an 5:38 says, "As to the thief, male or female, cut off his or
her hands: a punishment by way of example, from Allah, for their crime: and
Allah is Exalted in power." The
sahih hadiths, a compilation of sayings, practices and traditions of Muhammad
as observed by his companions, are considered by Sunni Muslims to be the most
trusted source of Islamic law after the Qur'an. Narrated 'Aisha: The Prophet said,
"The hand should be cut off for stealing something that is worth a quarter
of a Dinar or more." (Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:81:780; Sahih al-Bukhari,
8:81:781; Sahih Muslim, 17:4175)
The reasonable trajectory of this doctrine does not
allow for the person(s) wronged to forgive the wrongdoer and is unequal in
assigning the same penalty of the theft of a few dollars of value as the theft
of millions of dollars in value.
This philosophy also does not allow for their god to forgive nor model
forgiveness for mankind. The
omnipotent God would have the ability to forgive and the omniscient God would
know all offensive thoughts and treat them equally as behavior that has been
acted on. Before someone steals or
murders they first must have the corresponding thoughts to motivate the
behavior. Entertaining the thought
of theft would deserve the same punishment as behavior that acted on the
motivating thought. All people have
thoughts of theft, as well as other divinely offensive thoughts such as lust,
and that adulterous thought, by Sharia, deserves death. By that standard, all people would be
guilty and killed. No one would be
alive. Grace, unmerited favor, is
required to be extended from the Holy (whole) God for the only possible
redemption of the humanly uncountable trespasses against His perfection of
holiness. Only evangelical
Christian doctrine teaches that God's gift of grace is manifest toward finite
humans who are incapable of comprehending the Divine gesture of love but have
accepted that its infiniteness is accomplished by their faith alone (Eph.
2:8). This God can not lie (Heb.
6:18) and says that Satan is a murderer and is the father of lies (John
8:44). On the other hand, Surah
3:54 of the Qur'an calls Allah "The Great(est) Deceiver."
[9] Prov. 17:22.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1201429/
[11] Gen. 3:1-24; 2 Cor. 11:3; 1 Tim. 2:13-14.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361287/
[18] Job 21:7;
Ps. 37:35.
[21] Prov.
18:2; Eccl. 10:3.
[22] Randy
Thornhill, distinguished professor in the department of biology at the
University of New Mexico, stated in and email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr.
in May, 2015, that he did not know of research that applied the
mathematics/computer analysis of desired facial symmetry to art symmetry
(color, shape etc.) and/or music symmetry (note harmony etc.).
[23] Qn Jiǔsho (Ch'in Chiu-shao) wrote Shshū
Jiǔzhāng (shu-shu chiu-chang, "Mathematical Treatise in
Nine Sections") in circa 1247 which used day
yan shu (algorithms) to solve complex problems.
[24] Input
is designed to make a disproportionate input of templates of truth. Propaganda works like this in
reverse. Untruth is inputted to
humans disproportionately to subvert critical analysis in a Lysenkoistic
fashion. It is not just the amount
of input that is transferred but the type of input and its filter of good and
evil. Dwight Moody said "If a man
is stealing nuts and bolts from a railway track, and, in order to change him,
you send him to college, at the end of his education, he will steal the whole
railway track."
[25] Ex.
13:21-22, 16:10; 2 Chr. 5:13; Matt. 24:30; Luke 9:34-35; Acts 1:9-11.
[26] The 11th
century Confucian principle of the Original or Primeval One (Tai-ji), Zhu Xi
later made it the Absolute, contains the duality (syzygy) of yin (female
principle meaning shady side) and yang (male principle meaning sunlight). From that union, it is believed the five
elements generate ten thousand things (meaning everything). Yin is considered to have deference over
yang, demonstrated by the phrase "here the shadow, there the sunlight." Of course, the Absolute Original One
(God) can not be composed of incomplete (not infinite) or contradictory (untrue
and unjust) disordered parts.
Tai-ji (Confucian god) would not have the ability to be trusted to be
truthful in setting human behavioral standards nor just in judging their
acceptance or rejection.
[27] This is
a widely known code system for the replacement of letters and numbers
represented by 0 for the off position and 1 for the on position. They are in sets of eight 0's or 1's
called a byte. 01100001 is the
lower case a. The first two digits,
01, imply the use for letters. The
third digit, 1, means a lower case letter (would be 0 for an upper case
letter). The fourth digit, 0, means
a letter between "a" and "o" (would be 1 for letters between "p" and "z"). The last four digits are 8, 4, 2, and 1
respectively. Find how many numbers
down the alphabet the specific letter is and make the annotation. For example, the letter "c" is three
numbers down and the last four digits would be 0011 (2 + 1 = 3) and all the
digits together for "c" would be 01100011.
[28] Leibniz's letter to
the Duke of Brunswick, attached with the I Ching hexagrams, said "[A
concept that] is not easy to impart to the pagans, is the creation ex nihilo through
God's almighty power. Now one can say that nothing in the world can better
present and demonstrate this power than the origin of numbers, as it is
presented here through the simple and unadorned presentation of One and Zero or
Nothing." His theological
observation and beliefs are in stark contrast to the incongruent theological
beliefs (e.g. ex nihilo creation, necessity
of a personal Creator, etc.) held by the Sīnae
developers of this tool.
[29]
Mathematical objects (e.g. numbers, rules etc.) exist in power of
function. They are infinite and
outnumber finite humans and their finite intellectual abilities. The existence of mathematical objects
must still exist in an infinite intellect by necessity, which must have
pre-existed human intellects. The
behavioral standard for humans must also be infinite and require eternal
judgment and infinite atonement beyond human capability to independently
achieve. Individual justice (Gen.
9:6) and societal justice (Rom. 1:18-32) must be enforced. For example, societal justice must be
required to avenge an eye for and eye (Ex. 21:23-24) the over 60 million babies
that have been murdered in the United States. God will avenge the societies for
shedding the blood of the innocent (Ps. 106:37-42). His wrath seems slow but is sure (Rom.
2:5-6). This is why murderers often
wrongly think they are safe from His impending just wrath (Ps. 10:2-11).
[30] In
Newton's General Scholium, an
appendix (added in 1713) to the 2nd Edition of Philosophiæ
Naturalis Principia Mathematica known as Principia, he recognized the fine-tuning of our universe and the
necessity of the (fine-tuner, Creator) causal powerful Being's intellect.
[31] Rom.
12:16; 1 Peter 3:8. Zech.6:13; 2
Cor. 6:15.
[33] The
former psychiatrist-in-chief for Johns Hopkins Hospital and Distinguished
Service Professor of Psychiatry, Paul McHugh says that to pretend to have XX
chromosomes when you have XY chromosomes and vice versa is a mental
disorder. Additionally, to change
superficial body parts does not change chromosomes. To attempt to be transgendered is a
mental disorder. This is reinforced
by those with this disorder having a suicide rate 20 times that of people
without the disorder. Furthermore,
studies from Vanderbilt University and London's Portman Clinic show 70% to 80%
of children that expressed this disorder spontaneously lost those feeling of
disorder. People with this disorder
deserve treatment and prevention.
Regarding transspecies, a childhood friend of the
author of this paper said he wanted to be a dog. At the age of 7 or 8, he visited his
friend named Charles S. Charles was
in his yard on his hands and knees.
He indicated that he wanted to be a dog like his father's hound. After Charles refused to talk, ate dog
food from a dog bowl, and drank water from an old water bucket used by his
father's hound, he went into a dog house and put his head down to sleep. His parents did not put a dog collar on
him and have his legs and arms shortened to be more dog-like. They put a quick end to his delusion and
did not support his pretending to have canine DNA. For decades he has been a successfully
elected official in his hometown and, thankfully, shows no sign of any identity
disorder. Today, it is believed
that he would be greatly embarrassed to be reminded of the incident.
[34] Robert
George, Princeton University's
founding
director of the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions,
noted at a round table discussion at the Colson Center that the family is the
fundamental individual accountability structure for individual moral character
in a society.
[35] Blood,
A. J.; Zatorre, R.J. (2001).
"Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in
brain regions implicated in reward and emotion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(20).
[36] Tramo,
M.J. (2001). "BIOLOGY AND MUSIC: Enhanced: Music of the Hemispheres". Science
291(5501).
[37] Elvira
Brattico et al. (2006). "Musical
scale properties are automatically processed in the human auditory
cortex". Brain Research 1117(1).
[38] Stefan
Koelsch et al. ((2003). "Electric
brain responses reveal gender differences in music processing". NeuroReport
14(5).
[39] P.Gerl, C.Schnlieb and K.C.Wang: The Use of
Fractal Dimension in Arts Analysis. HarFA - Harmonic and Fractal Image
Analysis Journal 2004, pp. 70-73.
[40] Thanks
for the work in fractals by Audrey Karperien, developer of FracLac which is a
digital analysis software for biologists, reviewer for the Journal of
Neuroscience Methods, and contributor to the National Institutes of Health, and
her email exchange with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in July, 2015.
[41] Paul
Edelman, professor of mathematics and law at Vanderbilt University, knows of no
efforts to impose mathematical points/topology etc. to data to be defined as
pornographic (much like those used for facial recognition/analysis). He expressed this in an email exchange
with Dallas F. Bell Jr. in May, 2015.
[42] The
Kama Sutra is the oldest and most known part of a group of texts called Kāma
Śāstra. Kāma is Hindu for desire, which
includes sexual desire. The four
Hindu hierarchical goals for life are (1) dharma (virtuous living), (2) artha
(material prosperity), (3) kama (desire), and (4) moksha (liberation). They are to be generally pursued in that
order of importance.
[43]
Hinduism is a polytheistic construct.
Having many gods means they are unequal and thus incomplete or
unholy. As such they are not
omniscient, omnipresent, and immutable and were not the infinite pre-existent
Creator first cause of all effects--God.
Therefore, they are not qualified to model nor set the human standards
for love, justice, mercy, and grace etc.
This is why two of the four Hindu goals for life contain non-eternal
temporal priorities of disorder (material prosperity and sexual desire) which
mitigate against the eternal potential order of virtue and liberation.
[44] OrCam
expressed this information to Dallas F. Bell Jr. in an email exchange during
June, 2015.
[45] Taken from case #18 of The
Gateless Gate or Barrier
(Mandarin; Wmnguān) and case #12 of The
Blue Cliff Record (Chinese; Byn L).
[46] Taken from case #37 of The
Gateless Gate or Barrier
(Mandarin; Wmnguān) and case #47 of The Book of Equanimity or Serenity (Chinese; Cngrng L).
[47]
Inappropriate fear has disorder (2 Tim. 1:7), whereas appropriate fear has
order (Job 28:28; Ps. 111:10; Prov. 1:7; Eccl. 12:13).
[48] A recent experiment by Strick et al. in September, 2012,
tested "63 meditators that had completed 6 months to 5 years of prior Zen
practice. In the evening, between 6 and 9pm, one group (led by a Zen master)
then meditated for 20 min. The second Zen group served as controls. They
relaxed at the same time, without meditating, also for 20 min. Both groups then
went to individual cubicles. There they performed three sets of five Remote
Associates Tests using a computer screen. (For example, given three words,
search your associations for that one fourth word which they all share in
common.) The subjects who had just meditated solved more test items (7.00) than
did those who had merely relaxed (5.94), p = 0.02."
Strick
M., van Noorden T. H., Ritskes R. R., deRuiter J. R., Dijksterhuis A. (2012). "Zen meditation and access to
information in the unconscious." Conscious. Cogn. 21, 1476–1481.
[49] "In a
2001 study (Azari et al.), 6 religious school teachers from a German Evangelist
community received a PET scan while they attempted to briefly enter a religious
meditative state by reciting the first verse of Psalm 23 in the Bible. Compared
to 6 non-religious control volunteers, the teachers showed higher activation in
two areas of the frontal lobe associated with attention and the reflexive
evaluation of thought."
Azari, N. P., Nickel, J., Wunderlich, G., Niedeggen,
M., Hefter, H., Tellmann, L., Herzog, H., Stoerig, P., Birnbacher, D., &
Seitz, R. J. (2001). "Neural correlates of religious experience." European
Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1649 – 1652.
[50] Gen.
24:63; Ps. 119:97.
[51] Josh.
1:8; Ps. 119:148; 1 Tim. 4:15.
[54] Josh.
1:6, 9; Acts 28:15.
[55] Ps.
18:28, 19:8; Acts 26:18; Eph. 1:16-23.
[56]
Ironically, the insistence of Buddhists to meditate on their kōans leads to the rational rejection of their
irrationality. For
information on logical constraints see
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/
[57] Ps.
116:11, 119:69; Titus 1:12-13.
[58] The
exponential denial of reality by atheists begins when they must first deny the
existence of the infinity of numbers and the resultant equality of numbers,
such as 2 + 2 = 4, and the implied inequality of numbers, such as 2 + 2 =
anything but 4. Then, they must
deny the correctness and incorrectness, respectively, of those realities, which
indicate an existent eternal justice and subsequent mercy, love, and grace etc.
which must be held by an eternal intellect as a tool for creating. This first Causer of all effects must be
denied as a Being that must have pre-existed human creation. That Being's transcendent authority
regarding the infinite boundaries of human behavior for the necessary order of
survival must be denied, which is why atheists are called fools (Ps. 14:1,
53:1). The application of atheistic
beliefs by Lenin, Hitler, Mao, and Castro etc. led to Third World socialist/communist
governments, based on the symbiotic teachings of Hegel, Darwin, Marx, and Nietzsche
etc. It came as no surprise
when they stole the orderly lawful earnings of millions of their citizens to
give to themselves and later murdered millions of their adult citizens. This disorderly behavior can be
contrasted to de Tocqueville's famous observation that the First
World democratic representative republic government of the United States
resulted from the Evangelical Christian teaching of orderly biblical doctrine
inspired by the Creator and first Causer of all effects and when that doctrine
is rejected so will end the efficient societal order.
Absurdist's (i.e. writers etc.) adhere to the proven
false philosophy that life is meaningless and irrational and believe man's
search for order only brings conflict with the state of the universe.
[59] Bot,
short for Internet robot, is a software application that runs automated tasks over
the Internet.
[60] This is
a bot that seeks public tweets on Twitter that are written in iambic pentameter
and then re-tweets them in rhyming couplets.
[61] In
linguistics, prosody is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech.
[62]
Anaphora is a rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the
beginning of successive clauses or verses.
[63] A sieve
is an algorithm for finding things; in mathematics it may find prime numbers up
to some fixed point.
[64] A
villanelle is a 19 line poetic form of 5 tercets followed by a quatrain. It is an example of a fixed verse form.
[65] The
pantoum is a poetic form of a series of interwoven quatrains.
[66] A
sestina is a fixed verse poetic form of 6 stanzas of 6 lines each, usually
followed by a 3 line envoi.
[67] Jordan
Davis made the comments to Dallas F. Bell Jr. in an email exchange in May,
2015.
[68] Thanks
for Lotfi Zadeh's, professor emeritus and Director of the Berkeley Initiative
in Soft Computing (BISC) Center for Intelligent Systems in the Computer Science
Division of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at
the University of California at Berkeley, stimulation of this BISC-group, and
its many contributors, line of thought during June and July of 2015.
[69] Unborn
babies have a heart beat pumping their own blood with their unique DNA at 18
days after conception soon followed by brain waves and by 26 weeks of
development they laugh and cry in the womb.
[70] Where
there is no law there is no transgression.
The law is light (Prov. 6:23) and has the knowledge of sin (Rom. 3:20,
4:15).
[71] The
work of righteousness (following truth) shall be peace (Is. 32:17; Rom.
14:17). Peace comes from
righteousness and so peaceful art is righteous and vice versa. Truth is cross-cultural and everyone
either complies with it or rejects it by degrees in a range of compliance. Totally embracing untruth is rare due to
the lack of survivability of total rejection of truth.
[72] Ronald
Arkin, Regent's Professor and Director of the Mobile Robot Laboratory, and
Associate Dean for Research and Space Planning in the College of Computing at
the Georgia Institute of Technology, is not aware of the use of mathematically
measuring harmony of finite fields from sensory inputted data for creating the
epistemology of ethics to bound robot behavior. Arkin's views were made during an email
exchange in May, 2015, with Dallas F. Bell Jr.
[73] Vernor
Vinge, writer and retired professor of mathematics and computer science at San
Diego State University, addressed the priorities of modeling ethics to Dallas
F. Bell Jr. in an email exchange in June, 2015.
[74] Gen.
1:26-27; Col. 3:10.
[75] Pope
Paul VI wrote about the declaration of human religious freedom in Dignitatis Humanae issued on 7 December,
1965.
[76] Patrick
Lin, philosophy professor and Director of the Ethics and Emerging Sciences
Group at the California Polytechnic State University, made this observation to
Dallas F. Bell Jr. in May, 2015.
[77] Tyron
Goldschmidt, professor of philosophy at Wake Forest University, conveyed a few
religious aspects of human space travel and robot AI parameters to Dallas F.
Bell Jr. in June, 2015.
[78] This
observation was made in an email exchange during August, 2015, to Dallas F.
Bell Jr. by Paul Werbos, IEEE and INNS fellow who is at the National Science
Foundation responsible for adaptive and intelligent systems, quantum systems
and devise modeling etc. He is "not
aware of any robot AI that begins to capture the higher order capabilities of
the human brain or human mind." He
believes "that is good, because maybe it would be very dangerous."
[79] Eastern
religion wrongly postulates that decision making categories can be "x" or "not
x" or "both x and not x." Logic and
empirical experience easily disprove that belief, such as that belief itself is
either accepted (x) or it is rejected (not x) and can not be both (x and not x
at the same time). All logic gates,
mechanical and neural, will always require one choice be made between two (binary)
possibilities (x or not x).
[80] A
permutation is the rearrangement of logical inferences in a given proof to make
a form that is easier to understand what is happening.
[81] Ps.
86:9-13; 1 Cor. 6:20.
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